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1. Hypertension : Hypertension is a term used to describe high blood pressure. Hypertension can be caused by many factors such as increased age, obesity, and genetics. The American Heart Association notes that it can lead to various complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, epistaxis, and chronic heart failure.

According to leading heart specialists in the world, there are two types of hypertension: Primary and Secondary.

Primary hypertension is usually diagnosed in adults who have an underlying condition such as kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, or a narrowing of the arteries to the kidneys. In contrast, secondary hypertension is often due to an endocrine disorder such as pregnancy, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, or Cushing’s syndrome.

There are treatments for hypertension including medications and switching to a healthier lifestyle that could include exercise and diet changes. Hypertension treatment can be in the form of medication with diuretics, beta-blockers, nitrates, calcium channel blockers (CCB), or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-inhibitors) & angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB).

 

2. Lipid disorders

High cholesterol is a condition characterized by high LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol. The increased LDL causes plaque buildup in the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis and heart disease. In Indian heart patients, high Triglycerides are very common and cause dyslipidemia and NAFLD

 

3. Angina/ Chest pain

Angina is chest pain that affects the heart. It is a condition that can be either stable or unstable. Angina is typically caused by insufficient blood flowing to the heart muscle due to narrowed arteries (coronary artery disease), which may be the result of atherosclerosis, high cholesterol levels, stress, smoking, diabetes, or an unhealthy diet. Symptoms of angina include chest pain or pressure, shortness of breath, and unusual fatigue. The pain typically goes away after resting for a while.

A CT / Coronary angiogram will determine if the person has coronary artery disease; however, if the person has symptoms of angina it is best to seek medical attention. Treatment is with nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, aspirin, and other medications.

 

4. Palpitation/Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is a medical word for a disturbance of the heartbeat. It can be a problem if the heart rate is too slow, too fast, or irregular. It can be caused by various reasons such as high blood pressure or coronary artery disease. There are a number of arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and premature atrial contractions. They are associated with an increased risk of cardiac syncope,  stroke and can also lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Premature contractions may be harmless but they can also signify other underlying problems such as pulmonary hypertension or mitral valve prolapse. It is diagnosed by Holter monitoring or an Extended loop recorder (ELR).

 

5. Heart failure

Heart failure is a medical condition where the heart is unable to deliver adequate blood flow to manage the demands of the body. It is classified as either systolic or diastolic according to the type of impairment that limits its ability to function. Systolic heart failure, which is most common, occurs when the ventricles are unable to adequately meet the demand for blood flowing out of them by enlarging and filling with more blood during contraction.

 

6. Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes very weak. Heart failure is the result of this disease, where the heart cannot pump blood through the body efficiently. A person will feel short of breath and experience fatigue. Patients with heart failure may also experience chest pain, swelling of ankles, and fluid buildup in the lungs.